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Names and sources
Names

The battle was fought in the territory of the monastic state of the Teutonic Order,
on the plains between three villages: Grünfelde (Grunwald) to the west, Tannenberg (St?bark) to the
northeast, and Ludwigsdorf (?odwigowo, Ludwikowice) to
the south. W?adys?aw II Jagie??o referred to the site in Latin as in loco conflictus nostri, quem cum Cruciferis de Prusia habuimus,
dicto Grunenvelt.[9] Later Polish chroniclers interpreted the word Grunenvelt as Grünwald,
meaning “green forest” in German. The Lithuanians followed
suit and translated the name as Žalgiris.[12] The Germans named the battle after Tannenberg
(“fir hill” or “pine hill” in German).[13] Thus there are three commonly used names for the battle:
German: Schlacht bei Tannenberg, Polish: Bitwa
pod Grunwaldem, Lithuanian: Žalgirio m?šis. Its names in the languages of other involved peoples include Belarusian: ????? ??? ???????????, Ukrainian: ????????????? ?????, Russian: ????????????? ?????,
Czech: Bitva u Grunvaldu, Romanian: B?t?lia de la Grünwald.

Sources
The most important source about the Battle of Grunwald is Cronica conflictus Wladislai Regis Poloniae cum cruciferis anno Christi
The most important source about the Battle of Grunwald
is Cronica conflictus Wladislai Regis Poloniae cum cruciferis anno Christi

There are few contemporary, reliable sources about the battle, and most were
produced by Poles. The most important and trustworthy source is Cronica conflictus Wladislai regis Poloniae
cum Cruciferis anno Christi 1410, which was written within a year of the
battle by an eyewitness.[14] Its authorship is uncertain, but several candidates have been proposed: Polish deputy chancellor Miko?aj Tr?ba and W?adys?aw II Jagie??o’s
secretary Zbigniew Ole?nicki.[15] While the original Cronica conflictus did not survive, a short summary from the 16th century
has been preserved. Another important source is Historiae Polonicae by Polish historian Jan D?ugosz (1415–1480).[15] It is a comprehensive and detailed account written several decades after
the battle. The reliability of this source suffers not only from the long
gap between the events and the chronicle, but also D?ugosz’s biases against the Lithuanians.[16]
Banderia Prutenorum is a mid-15th-century manuscript with images and Latin descriptions of the Teutonic battle
flags captured during the battle and displayed in Wawel Cathedral.
Other Polish sources include two letters written by W?adys?aw II Jagie??o to his wife Anne of Cilli and Bishop of Pozna? Wojciech
Jastrz?biec and letters sent by Jastrz?biec to Poles in the Holy See.[16] German sources include a concise account in the chronicle
of Johann von Posilge. A recently discovered anonymous letter, written between 1411 and 1413, provided important
details on Lithuanian maneuvers.[17][18]
Historical background
Lithuanian Crusade and Polish–Lithuanian union

Main article: Northern Crusades

In 1230, the Teutonic Knights, a crusading
military order, moved to Che?mno Land and launched the Prussian Crusade against the pagan Prussian clans.
With support from the pope and Holy Roman Emperor, the Teutons conquered and converted the Prussians by the 1280s and shifted their attention to the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
For about a hundred years, the Knights raided Lithuanian lands,
particularly Samogitia, as it separated the Knights in Prussia from their branch in Livonia.
While the border regions became an uninhabited wilderness, the Knights gained very
little territory. The Lithuanians first gave up
Samogitia during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) in the Treaty of
Dubysa. The territory was used as a bargaining chip to ensure Teutonic support for one of the sides in the internal power struggle.

Territory of the State of the Teutonic Order between 1260 and 1410; the locations and dates of
major battles, including the Battle of Grunwald,
are indicated by crossed red swords
Territory of the State of the Teutonic Order between 1260 and 1410; the locations
and dates of major battles, including the Battle of Grunwald,
are indicated by crossed red swords

In 1385, Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania agreed to marry Queen Jadwiga of Poland in the Union of Kreva.
Jogaila converted to Christianity and was crowned as the King of Poland (W?adys?aw II Jagie??o), thus creating a personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The official Lithuanian conversion to Christianity removed the religious rationale for the order’s
activities in the area.[19] Its grand master, Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein, supported
by the Hungarian king, Sigismund of Luxemburg, responded by publicly contesting
the sincerity of Jogaila’s conversion, bringing the charge to a papal court.[19] The territorial disputes continued
over Samogitia, which had been in Teutonic hands since the Peace of Raci?? of 1404.
Poland also had territorial claims against the Knights in Dobrzy? Land
and Danzig (Gda?sk), but the two states had been largely at peace since the Treaty of Kalisz (1343).[20]
The conflict was also motivated by trade considerations:
The knights controlled the lower reaches of the three
largest rivers (the Neman, Vistula and Daugava) in Poland and Lithuania.[21]
War, truce and preparations

In May 1409, an uprising in Teutonic-held Samogitia started.
Lithuania supported the uprising and the knights threatened to invade.
Poland announced its support for the Lithuanian cause and
threatened to invade Prussia in return. As Prussian troops evacuated Samogitia, Teutonic Grand Master
Ulrich von Jungingen declared war on the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on 6 August 1409.[22]
The Knights hoped to defeat Poland and Lithuania separately,
and began by invading Greater Poland and Kuyavia, catching the Poles by surprise.[23] The Knights burned the castle
at Dobrin (Dobrzy? nad Wis??), captured Bobrowniki after a fourteen-day siege, conquered Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) and sacked several towns.[24] The Poles
organized counterattacks and recaptured Bydgoszcz.[25] The Samogitians attacked Memel (Klaip?da).[23] However, neither side was ready for a
full-scale war.
Lithuanians fighting with Teutonic Knights (bas-relief).

Lithuanians fighting with Teutonic Knights (bas-relief).

Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, agreed to mediate
the dispute. A truce was signed on 8 October 1409, and was set to expire on 24 June 1410.[26]
Both sides used this time to prepare for war, gathering troops and engaging in diplomatic maneuvering.
Both sides sent letters and envoys accusing each other of
various wrongdoings and threats to Christendom.
Wenceslaus, who received a gift of 60,000 florins from the knights, declared that Samogitia rightfully belonged to the
knights and only Dobrzy? Land should be returned to
Poland.[27] The knights also paid 300,000 ducats to Sigismund of Hungary, who had ambitions regarding
the Principality of Moldavia, for mutual military
assistance.[27] Sigismund attempted to break the Polish–Lithuanian alliance by offering Vytautas a king’s crown; Vytautas’s acceptance would have violated the
terms of the Ostrów Agreement and created Polish-Lithuanian discord.[28] At the same time,
Vytautas managed to obtain a truce from the Livonian Order.[29]

By December 1409, W?adys?aw II Jagie??o and Vytautas had agreed on a common strategy:
Their armies would unite into a single massive force and march together towards Marienburg (Malbork), capital of the
Teutonic Knights.[30] The Knights, who took a defensive position, did not
expect a joint attack, and were preparing for a dual invasion – by the Poles along the
Vistula River towards Danzig (Gda?sk), and by the Lithuanians along the Neman River towards Ragnit
(Neman).[3] To counter this perceived threat, Ulrich von Jungingen concentrated his forces in Schwetz (?wiecie), a central location from where troops could respond to
an invasion from any direction rather quickly.[31]
Sizable garrisons were left in the eastern castles of Ragnit, Rhein (Ryn) near Lötzen (Gi?ycko), and
Memel (Klaip?da).[3] To keep their plans secret and mislead the knights, W?adys?aw II Jagie??o and Vytautas organised several raids into border territories,
thus forcing the knights to keep their troops in place.[30]